Cervical Cancer: Don’t Overlook These 8 Early Signs

Cervical cancer can develop without noticeable symptoms, but as the disease progresses, certain early signs may appear. Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In 2022, around 660,000 women were diagnosed worldwide, with nearly 350,000 fatalities. This cancer begins in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus, and can lead to complications like difficulty urinating, pelvic pain, and even infertility if left untreated. Although it is a slow-growing cancer, it can be life-threatening if not detected early. Many women do not experience noticeable symptoms in the early stages, which can result in misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis. Therefore, it is crucial to recognize the early signs of cervical cancer to seek timely medical attention and begin treatment.

What is Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer is primarily caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted virus. While not all HPV infections lead to cancer, certain high-risk strains can cause changes in cervical cells that may eventually progress to cancer. The cancer outbreaks in the cervix area, lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It usually develops slowly, often beginning as abnormal cell changes that do not cause symptoms, which are typically detected through routine screenings like Pap smears. Most cases of cervical cancer in India are linked to persistent HPV infections. If left untreated, the cancer can spread to deeper tissues and other parts of the body, causing serious health problems such as pelvic pain, abnormal bleeding, difficulty urinating, and even infertility.

Early Signs of Cervical Cancer

Here are eight early signs of cervical cancer that you should be aware of:

1. Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding
   Abnormal vaginal bleeding is a key early sign of cervical cancer. This includes bleeding between periods, after intercourse, or post-menopause. Any unexplained bleeding should be reported to a healthcare provider, as it can signal various issues, including cervical cancer.
2. Heavy and Prolonged Periods
   Although many women experience heavy periods at some point, unusually heavy or prolonged periods could indicate cervical cancer. If your menstrual flow is significantly heavier than usual, lasts longer than normal, or if you soak through pads or tampons at an unusually fast rate, it could be a warning sign. Tumours in the cervix can irritate or inflame the cervix, leading to increased blood flow during menstruation.
3. Watery and Bloody Vaginal Discharge
   Unusual vaginal discharge, which may be watery and blood-tinged in the early stages, can also be a sign of cervical cancer. As the cancer progresses, the discharge can become thicker and bloodier, often accompanied by an unpleasant odour. Any changes in the appearance, consistency, or smell of vaginal discharge should be checked by the doctor.
4. Foul Vaginal Odour
   A foul-smelling vaginal discharge is another early sign of cervical cancer. This occurs as cancerous tissue breaks down, releasing an odour. This symptom can sometimes be mistaken for a bacterial infection, but if it persists and is accompanied by bleeding or other symptoms, it’s important to seek medical attention.
5. Pain During Sex
   Painful intercourse (dyspareunia) can be a symptom of cancer, as the cervix may become inflamed or irritated. This pain can be confused with other conditions, such as vaginal dryness or infections, but persistent pain, especially when combined with abnormal bleeding or discharge.
6. Lower Back and Pelvic Pain
   As cervical cancer progresses, it can spread to nearby tissues, causing pain in the lower back and pelvis. This pain is typically dull or aching, and it can worsen over time. The cancer may press on nearby organs like the bladder or rectum, leading to additional discomfort and pain.
7. Painful Urination and Increased Urinary Frequency
   Painful urination, or dysuria, can occur if cervical cancer spreads to the bladder or urinary tract. Women with cervical cancer may also experience frequent urination, a burning sensation, or blood in the urine. These symptoms should not be ignored, as they could be a sign that the cancer has spread.
8. Swollen Legs
   In some cases, swelling in the legs can indicate that cervical cancer has spread to the pelvic lymph nodes, blocking lymphatic drainage and causing fluid buildup in the legs. This swelling may be accompanied by pain or a heavy sensation. Persistent leg swelling should be evaluated by experts, as it may suggest the spread of cancer.

Treatment for Cervical Cancer

Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer and may involve surgery (such as a hysterectomy), radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy. In early stages, procedures like a cone biopsy or cryotherapy may be used. As the case progresses, treatment highly shifts its focus on controlling and relieving symptoms. Ongoing monitoring after treatment is crucial to detect any recurrence. Remember, preventive vaccines and screenings are key strategies in reducing the risk of cervical cancer.